Relations

A Relation compares any two Values and returns a result of true or false.

They can either compare scalar values or spatial geometries.

Scalar Relationships

Scalar Relationships compare two Values (boolean, integers, real numbers, strings, or timestamps).

A Predicate using a Scalar Relationship can only return a Boolean value of True or False based on the result of comparing the two values.

Types of Scalar Relationships

Scalar Relationship	Description
Begins With	For string values, test whether the first string begins with the second string.
Contains	For string values, test whether the first string contains the second string.
Ends With	For string values, test whether the first string ends with the second string.
Equal	The two values are the same.
Greater Than	The first value is greater than the second value.
Greater Than or Equal	The first value is greater than the second value, or the two values are the same.
Less Than	The first value is less than the second value.
Less Than or Equal	The first value is less than the second value, or the two values are the same.
Not Equal	The two values are different.
Regular Expression	For string values, check whether the first string matches the wild card string or Perl regular expression in the second string.

Spatial Relationships

A Spatial Relationship is a type of Relation only applied to Values that are Geometries. It returns true if the geometries have the specified Relation.

Any type of geometry can be passed into a Spatial Relationship check, but only the geometry types relevant to this Spatial Relationship will be tested. For example, if comparing areas, line geometries will not be tested.

Note: Some Spatial Relationships can be considered subsets of others. For example, "Covered By" is a subset of "Within" (if a geometry is "Covered By" another geometry, it is also "Within" that geometry).

The detailed description of each Spatial Relationship uses the terms interior, boundary, exterior.

Spatial Relationships in 3D

Most of the Spatial Relationships in 1Integrate support 3D data, and generally have the same meaning as their 2D counterparts.

Note: Spatial Relationships will behave differently if the geometry is a solid or if it is a multi-surface. for more information about full 3D data in 1Integrate, please see Full 3D Support.

Note: If you are loading 2.5D data, and not true 3D, then Spatial Relationships will be calculated in 2D. For example, 2.5D geometries will intersect if they intersect in 2D, regardless of height. To compare geometries in 3D they will nee to be loaded as True 3D Geometries

Types of Spatial Relationships

Spatial Relationship	Description
Beyond	Beyond checks that the geometry is at least a certain distance away from another (specified in dataset units). The order of the geometries does not matter. Note: Beyond is the opposite of Within Distance. Beyond supports 3D geometries.
Covered By	Covered By is a special case of Within. It is only true when this geometry is contained within another, and their boundaries intersect (so they share some boundary). For lines the boundary means the end points, for polygons the boundary means all inner and outer boundary rings and for solids, the boundary is the surface that makes up the shell of the solid. The types of geometries which can be covered by another are: Area covered by area Line covered by area Line covered by line Solid covered by solid Note: Covered By is the reciprocal of Covers.
Covers	Covers is a special case of Spatial Contains. It is only true when the other geometry is contained within this one, and their boundaries intersect (so they share some boundary). For lines the boundary means the end points, for polygons the boundary means all inner and outer boundary rings and for solids, the boundary is the surface that makes up the shell of the solid. The types of geometries which can cover another are: Area covers area Area covers line Line covers line Solid covers solid Note: Covers is the reciprocal of Covered By.
Crosses	Two geometries Crosses when a line runs across the boundary of an area, or the interior of another line. Note: At least one of the geometries must be a line. The types of geometries which can cross are: Line and line A line crosses another line if only their interiors intersect at single points (and at the same height). Area and line A line crosses a polygon geometry if its interior intersects the polygon’s interior and either of the line’s endpoints are outside the polygon. The order of the geometries does not matter. Cross geometries
Disjoint	Disjoint means that the geometries do not intersect at all (neither the boundaries nor the interiors intersect). The order of the geometries does not matter. Note: Disjoint is the opposite of Intersects. Disjoint supports 3D geometries.
Intersects	Intersects means any sort of spatial interaction. Intersect supports full 3D geometries. It checks that either the boundaries or interiors of two geometries intersect in any way, using any of the following Relations: Cross Overlap Spatial Contains Spatial Equals Touches Within The order of the geometries does not matter. For 3D solids, if other geometry is wholly within the interior of the solid, it is deemed to intersect. Note: Intersects is the opposite of Disjoint.
Overlaps	Two geometries Overlaps when two lines, areas or solids partly overlay each other. Overlap supports full 3D geometries. Overlap means geometries are partly inside and partly outside each other (so does not include being contained or being equal). The types of geometries that can overlap are: Area and area A polygon overlaps another polygon if it shares some but not all of its area. Line and line A line overlaps another line if it shares some but not all of its length. Solid and solid A solid overlaps another solid if it shares some, but not all, of its volume. If a solid is contained entirely within another then they are not deemed to overlap. The order of the geometries does not matter. Overlaps geometries
Spatial Contains	Spatial Contains means that the other geometry is completely inside this line, polygon or solid (one object's boundary and interior are inside another). Note: Their boundaries are allowed to intersect, so it includes the Covers and Spatial Equals Relations. For lines the boundary means the end points, and for polygons the boundary means all inner and outer rings. The types of geometries that can contain another are: Area contains area Area contains line Area contains point Line contains line Line contains point Point contains point Solid contains solid Solid contains area Solid contains line Solid contains point Note: Contains is the reciprocal of Within. Spatial Contains geometries
Spatial Equals	Two geometries are Spatial Equals when they are identical (they have the same interior, boundary and exterior). Spatial Equals supports full 3D geometries. Geometries do not need to have the same number of vertices (as long as they follow the same path, within geometric tolerance), and lines do not need to have the same direction. Polygon boundaries do not have to use the same start/end vertex in order to be equal. Note: The order of the geometries does not matter. The types of geometries which can be equal are: Area and area Line and line Point and point Solid and solid Note: Comparing a solid with an identical physical shell will return false as the geometry types need to be the same. e.g. a solid geometry does not equal the boundary of the solid. Spatial Equals geometries
Touches	Touches means that the boundaries intersect but the interiors do not. Touches supports full 3D geometries. For lines the boundary means the end points, for polygons the boundary means all inner and outer boundary rings and for solids, the boundary is the surface that makes up the shell of the solid. Adjacent polygons or end-to-end lines touch. The types of geometries that can touch are: Area and area Area and line Area and point Line and line Line and point Solid and area Solid and line Solid and point The order of the geometries does not matter. Touch geometries
Within	Within means this geometry is completely inside the other, which must be a line or polygon. Their boundaries are allowed to intersect, so it includes the Covered by and Spatial Equals Relations. For lines the boundary means the end points, for polygons the boundary means all inner and outer boundary rings and for solids, the boundary is the surface that makes up the shell of the solid. The types of geometries which can be within another are: Area within area Line within area Line within line Point within area Point within line Point within point Solid within solid Area within solid Line within solid Point within solid Note: Within is the reciprocal of Contains. Within geometries
Within Distance	Within Distance checks that the geometries approach within a specified minimum distance of each other (specified in dataset units). The order of the geometries does not matter. Within Distance supports 3D geometries. Note: Within Distance is the opposite of Beyond.